Trine Syvertsen (1992) Public television in transition
Primary source material, documentary sources, official publications
APPENDIX
A: PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL
1.
General comments
As
the availability of material varies from country to country, the analyses
presented here are to some extent based on different sources in the two cases.
This is not generally a problem, since the analysis is problem-oriented,
rather than source-oriented. Nevertheless, in order to make sure that
the comparisons are valid across national contexts, certain types of primary
source material have been selected for systematic analyses in both countries:
Firstly,
official publications on broadcasting have been examined in connection
with the three crucial 'historical moments' discussed in this study: the establishment
of the public broadcasting corporations, the introduction of television into
the same structure, and the upheavals in the 1980s and 1990s.
Secondly,
comments and submissions from different actors and interests in response
to government policy-initiatives in the 1980s, has been examined in both countries.
Thirdly,
a systematic study of material from the broadcasting institutions themselves
(annual reports and publicly available policy documents), have been carried
out for the 1981-1991 period.
Even
if this material has been selected because it is comparable across national
contexts, political and cultural differences still complicate the analysis.
This is less of a problem with the third type of source: material from the
broadcasting corporations themselves, which is functionally equivalent across
the two countries. Regarding the first two types of material, however, both
which are integrated elements of the political decision-making process, there
are important differences between the two contexts which in turn have implications
for the interpretation of the sources.
In
Britain, where there is a bi-partisan and non-participatory parliamentary
tradition, the most important official documents within broadcasting are those
produced by the Government and Government-appointed committees.
Partly as a result of the electoral system, there are usually majority
Governments, and Parliament is not a place where policies are made. The non-participatory
tradition of the British Parliament is also seen in the fact that the annual
reports of the broadcasting corporations are not debated in Parliament, indeed
the BBC has until recently reported when the House was not in session.
Thus, it is not usually Parliament who, in practice, has exercised public
accountability. This task has been carried out by the Board of Governors
and the Government-appointed committees who have been appointed to
review the broadcasting services prior to all renewals of the BBC's charter
apart from one (third Charter 1947).
As
Wedell (1968:78) has pointed out, this system came into being more by accident
than by design, but having done so it has generated much material of interest
to researchers. The reports are valuable by themselves because they present
a comprehensive review of the existing services, but even more important is
the fact that they synthesise the 'mood' of the time by reviewing the criticisms
and complaints against broadcasting from the various 'publics' active in the
debate. Individuals, groups and organisations have been invited to produce
comments and evidence to the committee members, and submissions have thereby
been generated based on what the different actors themselves want to
point out. The Annan committee, for example, used adverts and press releases
to invite the public to submit comments, and the committee wrote also to 400
organisations and asked them to comment. Finally, they held twenty five days
of hearings where many of those who had previously written were invited to
present oral evidence (Annan 1977, para. 1.3, 1.4).
In
the 1980s this tradition was broken, and major changes were introduced within
the field of broadcasting without a committee reviewing of the totality of
the services. This also meant that the submissions from various interests
and organisations changed character. Submissions still arrived in large numbers
and still addressed a variety of issues, but they were now geared more specifically
towards commenting upon the government proposals.
In
Norway, government-appointed committees have also been important for determining
broadcasting structures, but even if the committees have met with different
interests and have been targets for lobbyists, the public has, as a rule,
not been invited to comment until after the reports have been finished. Furthermore,
comments have only been invited from a limited range of interests, although
others can of course also sumbit comments. Nevertheless, the system implies
that the committee reports and the submissions from various groups and interests,
provide less information than what has been the case in Britain. In contrast
to the latter case, however, parliamentary debates are crucial sources
with respect to the legitimacy of, and challenges to, Norwegian broadcasting.
The PR-based electoral system implies that there are seldom majority Governments
(apart from the exceptional period of Labour governments in the early post-war
decades), and this implies that parliament is an important arena for policy-formation.
The
electoral system also favours a large number of parties, and this in turn
means that many perspectives and views of the type which in Britain surface
only in the reports of the broadcasting committees, emerge in the Norwegian
parliamentary debates. All MP's in Norway are permanently assigned to a working
committee, and it is in these committees that the major differences are sorted
out and presented - a fact which implies that the committee reports are important
sources. Finally, the Norwegian Parliament always debate the NRK annual report
and accounts, and it is also Parliament that decides upon the licence fee
(in contrast to Britain where the fee is settled in negotiations between the
Government and the BBC). This generates further material of interest to the
researcher.
2.
Overview over the primary source material
The
primary source material is, for the most part, arranged by year of publication,
and is divided into eight categories:
A.
Official Publications: Britain
B.
Official Publications: Norway
C.
Submissions from various groups and interests: Britain
D.
Submissions from various groups and interests: Norway
E.
BBC Publications
F.
NRK Publications
G.
European publications
H.
Journals, newspapers and magazines
A.
Official Publications: Britain
British
parliamentary debates are printed in the House of Commons (HC) Official
Reports and the House of Lords (HL) Offical Reports.
---
Crawford
Report (1926) Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Cmnd. 2599).
Government
White Paper (1926) Wireless Broadcasting (Drafts of what became the
1927 Royal Charter and the Licence and Agreement) (Cmnd. 2756).
Selsdon
Report (1935) Report of the Television Committee (Cmnd. 4793).
Ullswater
Report (1935) Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Cmnd. 5091).
Beveridge
Report (1950) Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Cmnd. 8116).
Pilkington
Report (1962) Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Cmnd. 1753).
Annan
Report (1977) Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Cmnd. 6753).
Independent
Broadcasting Authority Act (Broadcasting Act 1980).
IBA
Annual Report and Accounts 1980/81.
1981
BBC Charter and Licence and Agreement (printed as an appendix to BBC Annual Reports and Accounts).
Hunt
Report (1982) Report of the Inquiry into Cable Expansion and Broadcasting
Policy (Cmnd. 8679).
White
Paper (1983) The Development of Cable systems and Services (Cmnd. 8866).
Home
office (1985) Financing the BBC - A Survey of Public Opinion. NOP Market
Research Ltd.
Peacock
Report (1986) Report of the Committee on Financing the BBC (Cmnd. 9824).
White
Paper (1988) Broadcasting in the '90s: Competition, Choice and Quality
(Cmnd. 517).
Home
Affairs Committee (1988a) The Future of Broadcasting. Vol.1: Report
together with the proceedings of the Committee. 262-I.
Home
Affairs Committee (1988b) The Future of Broadcasting. Vol.2: Minutes
of Evidence and Appendices. 262-II.
Department
of Trade and Industry (1988) 'Memorandum', in Home Affairs Committee (1988b)
The Future of Broadcasting. vol. 2: Minutes of Evidence and Appendices.
Home
Office (1988) 'Memorandum', pp. 1-9 in Home Affairs Committee (1988b) The
Future of Broadcasting. vol. 2: Minutes of Evidence and Appendices.
Home
Office (1989) Broadcasting Bill. Bill 9, 50/3.
Broadcasting
Standards Council (1989) Annual Report 1988-89 and Code of Practice.
Broadcasting
Standards Council (1990) Annual Report 1989-90.
Broadcasting
Act 1990.
Independent
Television Commission (1991) Invitation to Apply for Regional Channel 3
Licences.
B.
Official Publications: Norway
Norwegian
parliamentary debates are printed in the Stortingsforhandlinger (referred
to as S.tid., O.tid., and L.tid. in the text). There are also some references
to the annual debates in the parliamentary committees about the NRK budget,
referred to in the texts as Budsj.innst.S. 12, 1981-82 - 1990/91.
Norwegian
official statistics are printed in the annual publications from the Central
Bureau of Statistics, referred to in the texts as such.
---
St.prop.
70, 1930 Om ordning av og landsplan for kringkastingen i Norge.
Vigstad
Report (1931) Forslag til ordning av kringkastingen i Norge. Appendix
to St. prop. 69, 1932.
St.prop.
69, 1932 Om ordning av og landsplan for kringkastingen i Norge.
Innst.S.
1, 1933 Om ordning av og landsplan for kringkastingen i Norge.
Ot.prop.
74, 1933 Om utferdigelse av en lov om kringkasting.
1933
Broadcasting Act (Lov om kringkasting av 24. juni 1933 nr. 13).
Kgl.
res. 10.11.1939 Regler om statsmyndighetenes bruk av Norsk Rikskringkasting
til sending av meldinger etter para. 9 i Lov om kringkasting av 24. juni 1933.
Innst.S.
334, 1952 Om tekniske prøvesendinger for fjernsyn.
Bratholm
Report (1967). Innstilling I: Innstilling om omfanget av Norsk rikskringkastings
enerett.
Bratholm
Report (1968) Instilling 2: Innstilling om reklame i radio og fjernsyn.
NOU
1972:25 Norsk Rikskringkasting - Organisasjon og ansettelsesvilkår
(Dæhlin Report I).
St.meld.
80, 1973/74 Om Norsk rikskringkastings økonomiske stilling 1975-85.
NOU
1975:7 Kringkastingslov (Dæhlin Report II).
Ot.prop.
67, 1978/79 Om lov om kringkasting.
Innst.O.
57, 1979/80 Om lov om kringkasting.
1980
Broadcasting Act (Lov om kringkasting av 13. juni 1980 nr. 36.
St.meld.
88, 1981/82 Om medieutvikling og nye kringkastingsformer.
NOU
1982:33 Nærradio.
NOU
1982:34 Kabelfjernsyn.
NOU
1983:3 Massemedier og mediepolitikk.
NOU
1984:5 Kringkastingsreklame.
NOU
1984:25 Nabolandsfjernsyn i kabel.
Ot.prop.
80, 1984/85 Om nabolandsfjernsyn i kabel.
St.meld.
84, 1984/85 Om ny mediepolitikk.
NOU
1985:11 TV2.
Ot.prop.
47, 1986/87 Lov om nærkringkasting.
Ot.prop.
31, 1986/87 Friere stilling for Norsk Rikskringkasting.
St.meld.
44, 1987/88 Om utviding av fjernsynstilbudet i Norge.
Ot.prp.
53, 1987/88 Lov om kabelsendinger.
Dokument
8:9, 1987/88 Om godkjennelse av konsesjonssøknad fra Scansat/TV3.
Dokument
8:47, 1987/88 Om endringer av ordningen for utnevnelse av ny kringkastingssjef.
NRK
Regulations (1988) (Vedtekter for stiftelsen NRK).
Innst.S
129, 1987-88 Om godkjennelse av konsesjonssøknad fra Scansat/TV3.
Innst.S
187, 1988-89 Friere stilling for NRK.
Innst.S
52, 1988-89 Om utnevning av Einar Førde til kringkastingssjef.
St.meld.
13, 1988-89 Om verksemda i Norsk Rikskringkasting.
Ot.prop.
55, 1989/90 TV2. Lov om reklame i kringkasting m.v.
Innst.O
2, 1989/90 TV2. Lov om reklame i kringkasting m.v..
C.
Submissions from various groups and interests: Britain
Initially,
my ambition was to examine the perspectives and views of the following categories
of interests in both countries.
-Media
industries (hardware and software production), press, advertising
-Broadcasting
regulatory bodies, councils
-Media
and broadcasting campaigns, viewers associations
-Authors,
publishers, journalists
-Music,
stage and drama, art and culture
-Sports
associations
-Educational,
media research and education
-Religious
bodies and associations
-Voluntary
associations, campaigns, charities and self-help
-Consumer
bodies, ombudsmen
-Trade
unions, business and industrial confederations
-Regional
and local authorities, regional and linguistic minority interests
In
the British case, the material received by the Home Office in response to
the 1988 Broadcasting White Paper, seemed well suited to my purposes. However,
the Home Office refused access to the material, and the fact that there were
more than 3000 comments altogether, made it impossible to analyse them in
their totality (even if they were to be obtained from the commentators themselves).
It was therefore necessary to find a different solution. In the end I decided
to write to a series of the interests who, according to the Home Office, had
responded to the White Paper, and ask them for a copy of their comment.
Of
the 3000 commentators, approximately 350 were named by the Home Office. Those
excluded were individual members of the public, individual MPs, local branches
of national organisations, local authorities, and various academic and educational
interests. Since all these interests are represented at the national level,
however, this posed no major problem.
From
the 350 groups and actors, I wrote to 110 asking for a copy of their submission.
The recipients were not selected to obtain a representative sample of all
views, but in order to sample the views of actors belonging to the different
categories listed above. The emphasis was on the views of representative
organisations rather than individual agents or businesses. One recipient wrote
and said that it was not their policy to make their responses public, whereas
sixty-five commentators, from all the above-mentioned categories apart from
'Sports associations' responded positively.
In
addition to these responses, I decided to include the most central memoranda
collected by the Home affairs committee in 1988 (printed in Home Affairs
Committee (1988b) The Future of broadcasting. Vol.2: Minutes of Evidence and
Appendices). Together, this material cover the same categories of interests
as the Norwegian material (see below).
Broadcasting
White Paper: Selected and analysed comments (all 1989 and referred to in the
texts as such), in alphabetical order:
AGE
CONCERN
AN
COMUNN GAIDHEALACH
ARTS
COUNCIL OF GREAT BRITAIN
ASSOCIATION
OF PROFESSIONAL COMPOSERS
ASSOCIATION
OF MEDIA INDEPENDENTS
ASSOCIATION
OF CHARITY OFFICERS
BBC
EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING COUNCIL
BISHOP
OF MANCHESTER
BISHOP
OF COVENTRY
BRITISH
FILM INSTITUTE (BFI)
BRITISH
ACTION FOR CHILDRENS TELEVISION (BACTV)
BRITISH
REFUGEE COUNCIL
BRITISH
SATELLITE BROADCASTING (BSB)
BRITISH
COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
BRITISH
BROADCASTING CORPORATION (BBC)
BRITISH
UNIVERSITIES FILM AND VIDEO COUNCIL
BRITISH
KINEMATHOGRAPH SOUND & TELEVISION SOCIETY (BKSTS)
BRITISH
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (BMA)
BROADCASTING
STANDARDS COUNCIL (BSC)
BROADCASTING
CONSORTIUM (REPRESENTS 40 NATIONAL VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS)
BROADCASTING
COMPLAINTS COMMISSION (BCC)
CABLE
TELEVISION ASSOCIATION (CTA)
CAMPAIGN
FOR QUALITY TELEVISION
CAMPAIGN
FOR PRESS AND BROADCASTING FREEDOM (CPBF) (REPRESENTS 24 TRADE UNIONS AND
OTHER ORGANISATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS)
CATHOLIC
CHURCH OF SCOTLAND AND CATHOLIC BISHOPS OF SCOTLAND
CHANNEL
FOUR
CHURCH
OF SCOTLAND
CHURCH
OF ENGLAND - GENERAL SYNOD
COMMITTEE
FOR THE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (COPUS)
COMMUNITY
SERVICE VOLUNTEERS (CSV)
COMPOSERS
GUILD OF GREAT BRITAIN
CONVENTION
OF SCOTTISH LOCAL AUTHORITIES (COSLA)
EVANGELICAL
ALLIANCE
GRANADA
TELEVISION
IBA
EDUCATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL
INDEPENDENT
TELEVISION ASSOCIATION (ITV)
INDEPENDENT
BROADCASTING AUTHORITY (IBA)
INSTITUTE
OF PRACTITIONERS IN ADVERTISING
LIBRARY
ASSOCIATION
LONDON
CHURCHES BROADCASTING GROUP
METHODIST
CHURCH OF IRELAND
MOTHERS
UNION
NATIONAL
COUNCIL FOR VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS (NVCO) (REPRESENTATIVE BODY FOR VOLUNTARY
ORGANISATIONS AND CHARITIES IN ENGLAND, 600 NATIONAL BODIES AFFILIATED)
NATIONAL
UNION OF JOURNALISTS
NATIONAL
VIEWERS AND LISTENERS ASSOCIATION (NVALA)
NATIONAL
CAMPAIGN FOR THE ARTS
NATIONAL
COUNCIL OF WOMEN IN GREAT BRITAIN
NATIONAL
LEAGUE OF THE BLIND AND DISABLED
NATIONAL
ASS. FOR THE CARE AND RESETTLEMENT OF OFFENDERS
OFFICE
OF FAIR TRADING
PERFORMING
RIGHTS SOCIETY
PERSONAL
MANAGERS ASSOCIATION LTD.
PRESBYTERIAN
CHURCH OF IRELAND
PUBLIC
SERVICE BROADCASTING CAMPAIGN (BROADCASTING AND ENTERTAINMENT TRADES ALLIANCE
(BETA) AND ASSOCIATION OF CINEMAOGRAPHIC AND TELEVISION TECHNICANS (ACCT))
ROYAL
SOCIETY OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN AND ADULTS (MENCAP)
ROYAL
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE DEAF
ROYAL
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND
SCOTTISH
EPISCOPAL CHURCH
SCOTTISH
CHURCHES BROADCASTING GROUP
SCOTTISH
FILM COUNCIL (SFC)
SCOTTISH
ARTS COUNCIL
SCOTTISH
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRY
SKY
CHANNEL
SOCIETY
OF AUTHORS
SOCIETY
OF EDUCATION OFFICERS
TELEVISION
SOUTH WEST
THEATRE
ADVISORY COUNCIL
THIRD
WORLD AND ENVIRONMENT BROADCASTING IN THE 90'S PROJECT (REPRESENTS OVER FIFTY
THIRD WORLD AND ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES)
TOWNSWOMEN
GUILDS
TRADES
UNION CONGRESS (TUC)
UNITED
REFORMED CHURCH
VOICE
OF THE LISTENER (VOL)
VOLUNTEER
CENTRE UK
WRITERS
GUILD OF GREAT BRITAIN
Memoranda
and supplementary memoranda selected from the Home Affairs Committee material
(all 1988 and referred to in the text as such), in alphabetical order:
ADVERTISING
ASSSOCIATION
ANTIFERENCE
LTD.
ASSOCIATAION
OF CINEMATOGRAPH, TELEVISION AND ALLIED TECHNICIANS
BRITISH
DIRECT TELEVISION
BRITISH
SATELLITE BROADCASTING (BSB)
BRITISH
TELECOM
BROADCASTING
RESEARCH UNIT (BRU)
CABLE
AUTHORITY
CINEMATOGRAPH
EXHIBITORS' ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
CONFEDERATION
OF AERIAL INDUSTRIES
FOOTBALL
ASSOCIATION
G.
E. C. PLESSEY TELECOMMUNICATIONS
IBM
UNITED KINGDOM LTD.
INCORPORATED
SOCIETY OF BRITISH ADVERTISERS
INDEPENDENT
PROGRAMME PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION (IPPA)
OPEN
UNIVERSITY
RANK
ORGANISATION
SAT
UK. BROADCASTING LTD.
THAMES
TELEVISION
TIME
OUT
VIDEO
PERFORMANCE LTD.
VOLUNTEER
CENTER UK
W.
H. SMITH TELEVISION
D.
Submissions from various groups and interests: Norway
In
Norway, around two hundred comments were received in response to the publication
of the report from the 'TV2'-committee in 1985. All this material, apart from
comments from other state departments, is publicly available and I have examined
it in its totality in the archives of the Ministry of Culture in Oslo. The
translations below are mostly done by me, apart from a few 'official ones'
obtained from the organisations themselves.
Comments
to the 'TV2'-inquiry (all 1985 and referred to in the text as such), in alphabetical
order:
ASSOCIATION
OF NORWEGIAN NEWSPAPER EDITORS = NORSK REDAKTØRFORENING
ASSOCIATION
OF CONSERVATIVE NEWSPAPERS = HØYREPRESSENS SAMARBEIDSUTVALG.
ASSOCIATION
OF NORWEGIAN FILM AND VIDEO PRODUCERS = NORSKE FILM- OG VIDEOGRAMPRODUSENTERS
FORENING
ASSOCIATION
OF FEATURE FILM PRODUCERS = SPILLEFILMPRODUSENTENES FELLESUTVALG
ASSOCIATION
OF NORWEGIAN FILM BUREAUS = NORSKE FILMBYRÅERS FORENING
ASSOCIATION
OF ADVERTISERS IN NORWAY = ANNONSØRFORENINGEN
ASSOCIATION
OF 'INDEPENDENT' BROADCASTING COMPANIES IN NORWAY = NORSKE FJERNSYNSSELSKAPERS
LANDSFORBUND
ASSOCIATION
OF NORWEGIAN DRAMATISTS = NORSKE DRAMATIKERES FORBUND
ASSOCIATION
OF FEATURE FILM PRODUCERS = SPILLEFILMPRODUSENTENES FELLESUTVALG
ASSOCIATION
OF NORWEGIAN THEATRES = DE NORSKE TEATRES FORENING
ASSOCIATION
FOR MEDIA EDUCATION = LANDSLAGET FOR MEDIEUNDERVISNING
BISHOP
OF AGDER = AGDER BISPESTOL
BISHOP
OF NORD-HÅLOGALAND = NORD-HÅLOGALAND BISPESTOL
BISHOP
OF SØR-HÅLOGALAND = SØR-HÅLOGALAND BISPESTOL
BISHOP
OF BORG = BORG BISPESTOL
BISHOP
OF TUNSBERG = TUNSBERG BISPESTOL
BJUGN
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL = BJUGN KOMMUNE (KULTURSTYRET).
CHILDREN'S
OMBUDSMAN = BARNEOMBUDET
CHRISTIAN
DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN HORDALAND = KRF I HORDALAND
CHURCH
COUNCIL OF NORWAY = KIRKERÅDET
CONFEDERATION
OF NORWEGIAN INDUSTRY = NORGES INDUSTRIFORBUND
CONFEDERATION
OF VOCATIONAL UNIONS = YRKESORGANISASJONENES SENTRALFORBUND
CONSERVATIVE
'BOOK NORWEGIAN' LANGUAGE SOCIETY = RIKSMÅLSFORBUNDET
CONSERVTIVE
PARTY IN HORDALAND = HØYRE I HORDALAND
COPYRIGHTS
COUNCIL = DET SAKKYNDIGE RÅD FOR ÅNDSVERKER
COUNCIL
OF DISSENTING CHURCHES IN NORWAY = NORGES FRIKIRKERÅD
CULTURAL
COUNCIL OF NORTHERN NORWAY = NORD NORSK KULTURRÅD
DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO = INSTITUTT FOR SOSIOLOGI, UNIVERSITETET
I OSLO
DEPARTMENT
OF PRESS RESEARCH = INSTITUTT FOR PRESSEFORSKNING
EDUCATIONAL
FILM COUNCIL = STATENS SKOLEFILMNEMD
FACULTY
OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO = HF-FAKULTETET, UNIVERSITETET I OSLO
FEDERATION
OF NORWEGIAN COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATIONS = NORGES HANDELSSTANDS FORBUND
FEDERATION
OF MUNICIPAL CINEMAS = KOMMUNALE KINOMATOGRAFERS LANDSFORBUND
FEDERATION
OF PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN NORWAY = AKADEMIKERNES FELLESORGANISASJON
FORUM
FOR PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION WORKERS = FORUM FOR OFFENTLIG INFORMASJONSMEDARBEIDERE
LABOUR
PARTY IN BERGEN = ARBEIDERPARTIET I BERGEN
LABOUR
PARTY IN TROMS = TROMS ARBEIDERPARTI
LIBRARY
COUNCIL OF NORWAY = STATENS BIBLIOTEKRÅD,
MEDIA
VISION = MEDIA VISION
MUSEUM
COUNCIL OF NORWAY = STATENS MUSEUMSRÅD
'NEW
NORWEGIAN' LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION = NOREGS MÅLLAG
NORPAS
(A NEWS AGENCY) = NORPAS
NORWEGAIN
ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE = DET NORSKE AKADEMI FOR SPROG OG LITTERATUR
NORWEGIAN
FILM = NORSK FILM
NORWEGIAN
OMBUDSMAN FOR EQUALITY BETWEEN THE SEXES = LIKESTILLINGSOMBUDET
NORWEGIAN
PUBLIC RELATIONS ASSOCIATION = INFORMASJONSFORENINGEN
NORWEGIAN
COUNCIL FOR EQUALITY BETWEEN THE SEXES = LIKESTILLINGSRÅDET
NORWEGIAN
DISTANCE LEARNING = NORSK FJERNUNDERVISNING
NORWEGIAN
SOCIETY OF VIEWERS AND LISTENERS = NORSK LYTTER- OG SEERFORENING FOR RADIO
OG TELEVISJON
NORWEGIAN
LIBRARY INSPECTION = STATENS BIBLIOTEKSTILSYN
NORWEGIAN
CONSUMER COUNCIL = FORBRUKERRÅDET
NORWEGIAN
TEACHERS UNION = NORSK LÆRERLAG
NORWEGIAN
BANKERS' ASSOCIATION = DEN NORSKE BANKFORENING
NORWEGIAN
LANGUAGE COUNCIL = NORSK SPRÅKKRÅD
NORWEGIAN
SAMI COUNCIL = NORSKE SAMERÅD
NORWEGIAN
CONSUMER COUNCIL = FORBRUKERRÅDET
NORWEGIAN
ARTS COUNCIL = NORSK KULTURRÅD
NORWEGIAN
CULTURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS = NORSKE KUNST- OG KULTUHISTORISKE MUSEER
NORWEGIAN
SOCIETY OF AUTHORS OF NON-FICTION = NORSK FAGLITTERÆR FORFATTERFORENING
NORWEGIAN
CHILDREN AND YOUTH COUNCIL = STATENS BARNE- OG UNGDOMSRÅD
NORWEGIAN
COOPERATIVE UNION AND WHOLESALE SOCIETY = NORGES KOOPERATIVE LANDSFORENING
NORWEGIAN
FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS = LANDSORGANISASJONEN I NORGE (LO)
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF COMPOSERS = NORSK KOMPONISFORENING
NORWEGIAN
UNION OF ACTORS = NORSK SKUESPILLERFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
FEDERATION OF CULTURAL SECTOR EMPLOYEES = LANDSFORENING FOR OFFENTLIG ANSATTE
I KULTURSEKTOREN
NORWEGIAN
NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION = NORSKE AVISERS LANDSFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
BROADCASTING CIRCLE = KRINGKASTINGSRINGEN
NORWEGIAN
COUNCIL OF ARTISTS = NORGES KUNSTNERRÅD
NORWEGIAN
UNION OF PHOTOGRAPHERS = NORGES FOTOGRAFFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
BALLET UNION = NORSK BALLETTFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
MARKETING FEDERATION = NORGES MARKEDSFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
SOCIETY OF AUTHORS = DEN NORSKE FORFATTERFORENING
NORWEGIAN
CENTRE FOR FILM STUDIES = STATENS STUDIESENTER FOR FILM
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF MEDIA RESEARCHERS = NORSK MEDIEFORSKERLAG
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF CINEMA MANAGERS = NORSKE KINOSJEFERS FORBUND
NORWEGIAN
SPORTS ASSOCIATION = NORGES IDRETTSFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
SOCIETY OF YOUTH LITERATURE = UNGDOMSLITTERATURENS FORFATTERLAG
NORWEGIAN
UNION OF JOURNALISTS = NORSK JOURNALISTLAG
NORWEGIAN
MUSIC COUNCIL = STATENS MUSIKKRÅD
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF TRANSLATORS = NORSK OVERSETTERFORENING
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF FILM- AND VIDEO PRODUCERS = NORSKE FILM OG VIDEOGRAMPRODUSENTERS
FORENING
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF THE DEAF = NORGES DØVEFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF FILM WORKERS = NORSK FILMFORMBUND
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF MUSICIANS = NORSK MUSIKERFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
SAMI SOCIETY = NORSKE SAMERS RIKSFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
JAZZFEDERATION = NORSK JAZZFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
PRESS FEDERATION = NORSK PRESSEFORBUND
NORWEGIAN
ASSOCIATION OF ADVERTISING AGENCIES = REGISTRERTE REKLAMEBYRÅERS FORENING
OSLO
CATHOLIC CHURCH = OSLO KATOLSKE BISPEDØMME
SOCIETY
FOR ONE NORWEGIAN LANGUAGE = LANDSLAGET FOR SPRÅKLIG SAMLING
SONG
AND MUSIC COUNCIL OF NORWAY = NORGES SANG OG MUSIKKRÅD
SONG
AND MUSIC COUNCIL IN THE COUNTY OF NORDLAND = NORDLAND SANG OG MUSIKKRÅD
STATENS
INFORMASJONSTJENESTE = STATE INFORMATION BUREAU
THEATRE
COUNCIL OF NORWAY = TEATERRÅDET
TONO
= NORWEGIAN PERFORMING RIGHTS SOCIETY
UNION
OF LOCAL COUNCILS = NORSKE KOMMUNERS SENTRALFORBUND
UNIVERSITY
OF BERGEN = UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN
UNIVERSITY
OF TRONDHEIM = UNIVERSITETET I TRONDHEIM
UNIVERSITY
OF OSLO = UNIVERSITETET I OSLO
8
LOCAL TELEVISION STATIONS
16
COUNTY COUNCILS = 16 FYLKER
92
MUNICIPAL COUNCILS LOCAL BOROUGHS = 92 KOMMUNER
E.
BBC Publications
BBC
Annual Reports:
BBC
Annual Report and Handbook): 1927 - 1987
BBC
Annual Report and Accounts: 1986/87 - 1990/91
----
BBC
(1971) Principles and Practice in News and Current Affairs.
BBC
(1982) Guide to the BBC (appendix to BBC Annual Report and Handbook
1982)
BBC
(1982) The Cable Debate. The BBC's Reaction to the Hunt Report (press
release/summary only).
BBC
(1985) Priorities for the future (summary/press release only).
BBC
(1986) Main Evidence (Evidence to the Peacock Enquiry).
BBC
(1988a) 'Memorandum', pp. 287-90 in Home Affairs Committee (1988b), The
Future of Broadcasting vol. 2: Minutes of Evidence and Appendices.
BBC
(1988b) BBC the Next Five Years (Summary/press release only).
BBC
(1989a) Broadcasting in the Nineties. The BBC's Response to the White Paper
on the Future of Broadcasting.
BBC
(1989b) Producers Guidelines.
BBC
(1990) Funding the future (summary/press release only).
F.
NRK Publications
NRK
Annual Report (NRK Årbok): 1934 - 1985.
NRK
Facts and Figures (NRK Tall og Fakta): 1986 - 1990.
NRK
Reports to Parliament: NRK 1987-88, NRK 1988-90, NRK 1989-91, NRK 1990-92.
----
NRK
Annual Report (1934) Melding om programtjenesten i Norsk Rikskringkasting
1.7.33-30.6.34. Appendix to St.prop. nr. 1 1935 (kap. 1114).
NRK
(1975) Programregler med kommentarer, fastsatt av kringkastingssjefen
3/11 1975, Oslo, NRK. Revidert 1982 og 1990.
NRK
(1982a) Norsk rikskringkasting i en ny mediesituasjon.
NRK
(1982b) Programregler med kommentarer.
NRK
(1983) Betalingsfjernsyn (BTV): Norsk Rikskringkastings forslag til gjennomføring
av betalingsfjernsyn i NRK-regi.
NRK
(1985a) NRK-fjernsynet med to kanaler: Utredning og forslag om et tokanal-system.
NRK
(1985b) NOU 1985:11 - Høringsuttalelse.
NRK
(1987a) NRK mot år 2000.
NRK
(1987b) NRK's framtid: Oppgaver og tiltak. Letter to The Ministry of
Culture 19.6.1987.
NRK
(1988a) NRK Prosess.
NRK
(1988b) NRK Bedriftutvikling: Høringsutkast med styringsgruppens anbefalinger.
Oslo: NRK. 20.12.
NRK
(1990) Programregler med kommentarer.
NRK
(1991) Fakta om NRK.
G.
European publications
European
Commission (1984) Television Without Frontiers, Green Paper on the Establishment
of the Common Market for Broadcasting Especially by Satellite and Cable.
COM (84) 300 Final 1/2.
European
Communities Economic and Social Committee (1985) Opinion on the Green Paper
on the Establishment of the Common Market for Broadcasting Especially by Satellite
and Cable. CES (85) 776.
European
Commission (1989) Rådets direktiv om samordning af visse love og administrative
bestemmelser i medlemsstaterne vedrørende udøvelse av tv-radiospredningsvirksomhed.
(89/552/EØF). De Europæiske Fælleskabers Tidende, nr. L 298/23.
Council
of Europe (1989) European Convention on Transfrontier Television. Strasbourg:
Council of Europe.
H.
Journals, newspapers and magazines
I
have referred to the following journals, newspapers and magazines in the text.
General
publications:
Aftenposten,
Oslo
Bergens
Tidende, Bergen
Dagbladet,
Oslo
Evening
Standard, London
Financial
Times, London
Guardian,
London and Manchester
Independent,
London
Journalisten,
Oslo
Klassekampen,
Oslo
Newsweek,
Washington
Nytt
fra Norge, Oslo
Observer,
London
Scanorama,
Stockholm
Sunday
Times, London
Sunday
Correspondent, London
VG,
Oslo
Media
and broadcasting:
Broadcast,
London (International Thomson Business Publishing)
Listener,
London (BBC)
Nordisk
Medienyt, København (Nordisk Ministerråd)
Omkring
NRK, Oslo (NRK)
Programbladet,
Oslo
Tidssignalet,
Oslo (NRK)
Uke-Omkring,
Oslo (NRK)