ABSTRACTS OF MY ARTICLES (The numbers are according to the list of articles).

1. Chara-lakes of protective value in Southern Norway. During the summers of 1968 and 1969, the author investigated the charophytes in parts of Southern Norway. Altogether 31 Chara-lakes have been found, and of these eight can be characterised as being well-preserved type-localities. Typical charophytes for these lakes are: Chara tomentosa (new to Norway), Ch. aculeolata, Ch. contraria, Ch. rudis, Ch. strigosa (found with bulbils of Chara aspera-type), Ch. aspera and Ch. globularis. A more detailed description of these eight Chara-lakes is given. Both in Norway and Sweden a great many Chara-lakes have been destroyed, and some examples are given from Norway. Because of this situation it is desirable to protect the eight Chara-lakes described, both on account of their scientific value and their importance in Norwegian nature.

2. The Charophytes of Iceland. Based on herbarium studies, three charophytes are reported from Iceland: Nitella opaca Agardh, Nitella flexilis (L.) Agardh, and Chara globularis Thuillier.

3. Die Characeen-vegetation auf den Hvaler-Inseln, Südost-Norwegen. Sechs Lokalitäten mit Characeen sind auf den Hvaler-Inseln, Süd-ost-Norwegen, untersucht worden. In drei von diesen Lokalitäten ist das Wasser brackish und sie haben alle reichen Bestände von Characeen: Lamprothamnium papulosum, Tolypella nidifica, Chara canescens und Ch. aspera. Einige Bemerkungen über die Salinität des Wassers und der Fruchtifikationsverhältnisse der Characeen sind gemacht. Die Brackwasser-Characeen Norwegens haben ihre Hauptverbreitung in Östfold auf den Hvaler-Inseln. Sonst sind nur wenige Lokalitäten der Küste entlang bis Mandal bekannt. Die übrigen drei Lokalitäten sind: Lok.2: Ein kleiner See mit Chara vulgaris. Lok 5: Das Wasser ist ein wenig brackish, sehr eutrophiert und hat eine reiche Vegatation von höheren Pflanzen. Die Characeen, Chara aculeolata und Ch. vulgaris sind in starker Konkurrenz mit dieser Vegetation, und es ist nur eine Frage der Zeit, wenn die Characeen ganz verschwunden sind. Lok. 6: Der einzige Chara-See aausserhalb der kambro-silurischen Gebiete der Oslo-Region. Er hat eine besonders fein Vegetation mit Chara aculeolata, Ch. hispida (neu für Norwegen) und Ch. globularis. Ausserhalb der Hvaler-Inseln har Östfold keine besonders interessante Characeenflora. Meistens sind typische Lobelia-See-Arten wie Nitella opaca und Chara globularis gefunden.

4. Ecology and distribution of Norwegian charophytes. During a study on Norwegian charophytes 20 species were recorded, three new to Norway: Nitella confervacea (Breb.) A.Br. em Hy, Chara hispida L., and Chara tomentosa L. Chara tomentosa and Chara strigosa are transferred from sub-section Diplostichae to sub-section Triplostichae. Chara strigosa bulbils were of the Chara aspera-type. 85 lakes were investigated, all in South Norway. Information is given for each species as to mode of growth,reproduction, associated species, habitats (chamical properties, bottom sedimants), vertical occurrence, and geographical distribution. Nitella opaca is reported from brackish water.

5. Chara canescens reported from Spitsbergen. Note (in English), without summary.

6. Nitella flexilis found in Saltfjellet, Nordland. Note (in Norwegian), without summary.

7. Nyborgtjern, a Chara-lake of protective value. A new Chara-lake is found in Lunner, Oppland county in South Norway. The lake is a typical Chara-lake with three species of charophytes- Chara contraria, C. tomentosa and C. aculeolata. Among these, C. tomentosa is a threatened species in Norway. The author suggests a conservation of the locality as a natural reserve.

8. Lake Holetjern, the disappearence of Charophytes. The lake Holetjern, a Chara-lake in Vestre Toten was investigated by the authoe in 1968-69. He found five species of Chara (C. tomentosa, C. rudis, C. contraria, C. aculeolata and C. globularis). They formed moreor less dense stands around the lake. The charophytes were covered by excessive growths of filamentous green algae. The lake was revisited 1990-91. Now the charophyte had totally disappeared. The bottom aand the plants growing here were instead covered by green algae. The most possible cause of this change is: 1. A public bathing plaace on the eastern side of the lake. 2. On the northern side of the lake there is an area for cattle breeding. Every summer since 1966 a number of 35-40 cows have been grazing here. This has brought about a lot of manure, and little has been done to prevent this fertilizer to flow directly into the lake. This has in time led to higher content of phosphorus in the water, and as a result the charophytes have died out. A simular situation has been reported from Lough Ennell in Ireland. There is a hope thar Holetjern can be restored again.

9. Sphaeroplea annulina (Roth) Agardh in Norway. The green alga Sphaeroplea annulina which was found in Norway by Printz in 1913, has again been found in a small coastal pool in the town of Langesund, South Norway. The find was made in July, when the pool was partly covered by brown to reddish mats of Sphearoplea. A brief review of the vegetative state, reproduction, ecology, distribution and descriptions of the locality and the material examined are given.

10. The charophytes of Nordland. Notes are given on the identification, distribution and ecology of the 11 charophyte species so far recorded in Nordland: Nitella opaca- in oligotrophic lakes and rivers, probably widespread, Nitella flexilis- in oligotrophic lakes and rivers, only recorded at four sites, but probably rather widespread, Tolypella normaniana- in brackish fjord heads, endemic to Nordland, Tolypella canadensis- in lake Glomdalsvannet, a Canadian species, in Europe only known from this site and Karesuando in northernmost Sweden, Chara rudis - in Chara- and Potamogeton-type lakes at five sites, Chara contraria- in a few Chara- and Potamogeton-type lakes, Chara aculeolata- in Chara-lakes and humus-rich limestone lakes, infrequent, Chara aspera- in both fresh and brackish waters, infrequent, Chara globularis - variable ecology, rather common, Chara delicatula- ecology as C. globularis, but less frequent, and Chara strigosa- in Chara- and Potamogeton-type lakes and humus-rich limestone lakes, only recorded at four sites. Distribution maps and locality lists are includes for all species.Calcaerous bed

11. Tolypella canadensis, a charophyte new to the European flora. Tolypella canadensis Sawa, formely endemic to Canada is now found in Scandinavia, in Lake Glomdalsvatnet in North- Norway and in Karesuando in North-Sweden. Specimens from the two localities are described and two new forms are described, forma glomdalensis and forma hasslowii. Tolypella canadensis is a species prefering oligotrophic lakes, with some streamy and cold water. It is found only on laomy bottom, on medium depths. In 1992 ripe oospores were only found in Karesuando. In Lake Glomdalsvatn the species was richly fructifying, but no ripe oospores were found. This must probably vary from year to year. The species is perennial, and due to unfavourable conditions vegetative reproduction is important. The amphiatlantic distribution of Tolypella canadensis is mentioned, but I have not tried to explain it fully as I believe that the species is more widely distributed than the finds show.

12. Some morphological and ecological observations on Chara canescens (Charophyte). Two forms of chara canescens are reported: a) fertile form without cortex; b) form with stalked oogonia. Cultivation of C. canescens in water with different salt content gave optimal growth in the oligohaline area.

13. The red alga, Asterocytis ornata, found in freshwater in Norway. The red alga, Asterocytis ornata, earlier only reported from seawater in Norway, is now found in freshwater, in lake Padderudtjern in Asker. This lake, former rich in charophytes is now eutrophicated, and has a rich vegetation of helophytes. Rich growths of different filamentous algae species as Spirogyra, Rhizoclonium, Chaetophora and Batrachospermum were found. Asterocystis was found in shallow water, epiphytic on the roots of Scirpus sylvaticus. Lake Padderudtjern has a high content of salt from the highway during winter months. The alga is probably much more common than the finds indicates as it has probably been overlooked.

14. Chaetonema irregulare a green alga new to Norway. The epiphytic green alga Chaetonema irregulare, is reported for the first time from Norway. It was growing on Batrachospermum sp. in mesotrophic brooks and Chara-lakes in SE Norway.

15. Asterosiphon dichotomus (Tribophyceae) found in Norway. Asterosiphon dichotomus (Tribophyceae) is reported as new to Norway. The locality is a part of a cattleyard near the lake Holetjern (Oppland, Southeast Norway). Colonies of the species were growing abundantly on base soil which had been packed and fertilized by cattle during summer. The species seems to prefer such localities, as similar conditions haave been described both from Denmark and Germany. The alga has been found in the autumn only (August-October). During the season the biological condition of the alga shifted from forming a siphonous thallus to a thallus with cysts. In October, when the locality was covered by snows, all cysts were transformed into spores. In Scandinavia the species has formerly been found once in Denmark. It is elsewhere found in Algerie and scattered in Europe. Some new European localities are given.

16. Chara canescens Lois, a new charophyte to the flora of Nordland county, northern Norway. Chara canescens is reported as new to Nordland. It was found in a small water body on the shell sand close to the sea. The find is interesting as it provides a link between the records on Svalbard and the occurrence in southern Scandinavia. The find supports the suggested long distance dispersal by wading birds, as the alga is found in the routes of sevaral such species to Svalbard.

17. Note on the charophytes of Troms and Finnmark. As a supplement to a previous paper on the charophytes in Nordland, notes are given on the charophyte flora of the two northernmost counties in Norway, Troms and Finnmark. In the southern part of Troms county (in the municipalities of Skånland and Harstad) there are several exclusive species of Chara. The common species in Troms and Finnmark are Nitella opaca, N. flexilis, Chara globularis and probably C. delicatula. The readers are asked to collect and send specimens of charophytes to the author.

18. Tolypella normaniana, a charophyte endemic to northern Norway. Tolypella normaniana is a charophyte endemic to northern Norway. A short description with illustrations is given. The alga is well adapted to its habitat on the tidal flats in estuaries in the county of Nordland. The localities in the Beiarn and Hemnes municipalities should be given conservation priority.

19. Tolypella normaniana Nordstedt, a little known charophyte from Northern Norway. Tolypella normaniana is a charophyte endemic to Northern Norway. It is only known from a few localities in Nordland county, but is presumed to be more widespread in the area as there are many potential localities. In this paper specimens from three localities in Nordland are treated. The different populations are described separately, as the local variation is considerably. The alga is specially well adapted to live on the tidal flats in estuaries in the area. On these foreshore flats the competition from other plants is minimal. One important chemical factor in this environment is salt content, which vary considerably during the year. In a simple growth experimant the alga did not change phenotypical from how it was found in nature. This was in contrast to Chara aspera, which in the same experiment changed phenotypical from dwarf to "normal". The belonging of this species to the section Obtusifolia of Tolypella is discussed, and the species has been compared to other "extreme" taxa in the section. A possible migration route for the taxon is mentioned.

20. Some biological and ecological observations on Sphaeroplea annulina (Roth) Ag. (Chlorophyceae) in Norway. Sphaeroplea annulina (Roth.) Ag. has been found in three small rainwater pools near the sea in southern Norway. Observations on the growth and development of the alga were made in 1992 and 1993. In genaral this alga develop very quickly and complete its life-cycle in 3-4 weeks in its natural environment. These figures are confirmed in culture experiments. The alga has been found growing under optimal conditions in fresh swater and slightly brackish water (0.02-1.3 gl-1 salt). These are observations made both on nature and under laboratory experiments. Due to evaporation of the water in these pools the alga must stand a higher variation of salt content. In nature I observed wellgrowing specimens in salt content to 2.12 gl-1. In the culture experiments the oospores germinated in water of 3.6 gl-1 salt content. The germination in this type of water was slower and the development of the alga was prolonged. In the experiment with filaments they survived only in water with salt content below 2.7 gl-1. The Norwegian specimens fit the general description of the alga, but the variation in the two characters with of the cells and diameter of the oospores was less than the material produced elsewhere in Europe. Sphaeroplea annulina is also found in eutrophic lakes, but the special adaptations like fast life-cycle and massproduction of oospores support the idea that this alga has specialized to survive in temporary waters, where there is little competition from other plants.

21. Chara-lakes in the county of Troms. A survey is given of lime-rich lakes in the county of Troms. During field work in 1995 three new Chara-lakes were found. The lakes are briefly described here. They are all of high protective value. One of the Chara-lakes (lake Storvatnet) is probably the biggest of this type in Norway, and the northernmost Chara-lake in the world.

22. Kransalgene i Østfold (Charophytes in Østfold county). (Not English summary). 15 species have been found. Localities and distribution maps for each species is given. (Nitella opaca, N. flexilis, N. gracilis, Tolypella nidifica, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Chara canescens, C. vulgais, C. hispida, C. baltica, C. aculeolata, C. aspera, C. globularis, C. delicatula)

23. Chara-lakes in Trøndelag, with special attention to Lake Skjersjøen in Hølonda. A survey is given of earlier works on lakes in the area, which are very few, and of the charophytes known from the two Trøndelag counties. The species are Chara aculeolata, C. aspera, C. delicatula, C. globularis, C. contraria, C. strigosa and Nitella opaca. A short description is given of the presumed, only Chara-lake, Lake Skjersjøen in Mid-Norway. A comparison is made to a recent survey of charophytes in the neighbouring areas of Jämtland in Sweden. Here the charophyte-flora is richer, and the number of known Chara-lakes is much higher. Lake Skjersjøen should be protected by law as soon as possible.

24. Langklubbvalen, a Chara-lake found at Vega, Nordland. Chara aspera, C. contraria and C. delicatula are found.

25. Charophytes in some artificial alvar-lakes by Greby on Øland, Sweden. In Norwegian, without summary. Charophytes found are:Chara aspera, C. globularis, C. delicatula, C. contraria, C. vulgaris, Tolypella glomerata.

26. Rare and threatened charophytes in Norway. Nitella translucens and Chara baltica are regarded as extinct. Nitella mucronata, Tolypella nidifica, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Chara braunii, C. canescens, C. polyacantha, C. tomentosa and C. vulgaris as endangered. Nitella gracilis, Tolypella normaniana, C. hispida and C. rudis as vulnerable. N. confervacea and C. strigosa as rare. N. flexilis, C. aculeolata and C. contraria as care-demanding. T. canadensis is regarded as insufficiently known. N. opaca, C. globularis, C. delicatula and C. aspera (brackish water form is rare) are regarded as out of danger. For threatened species the number of known localities in each county are given in three time intervals, viz. before 1935, 1935-1975 and after 1975.

27. Some Charales from the Faroes. Nitella opaca, N. flexilis, Chara globularis and C.delicatula are reported from the Faroes.

28. Preliminary list of charophyte localities deserving protection in Nordland county. A list is given of 16 charophyte localities in Nordland county deserving protection. The localities are of many different types, Chara-lakes, Chara- Potamogeton-lakes, dystrophic lakes rich in lime, oligotrophic lakes, and brackish-water lagoons. At present, the number of valuable localities known is relatively small, compared to what may reasonably be expacted within the extensive area of Nordland. I hope that this list can initiate an interest for protection of these localities, which are vulnerable to eutrophication and technical interventions.

29. Two examples of destruction of charophyte localities in Nordland county, North Norway, and a general discussion of the degradation of such localities. During field work in Nordland in 1995 I noticed that two recently discovered charophyte localities were now strongly affected by human activities. This is an increasing problem in the county. I have tried to map other localities which have been affected by human activities. It is recommended that valuable protectable localities are reported to the authorities, who should take the necessary steps to protect such localities by means of public information and, if ncessary, by law.

30. Freshwater algae as a part of the biological diversity in Norway, and a preliminary evaluation of their need for protection. A survey is given of the knowledge of freshwater algae in Norway, which is poor. A few species of special interest are mentioned and proposed to be redlisted. More than protecting species, it is important to protect localities. In a modern society like the Norwegian, little consideration is taken to many types of localities where one can find algae. In the future it will be neccessary to assume responsibility for the biological diversity constituted by the freshwater algae in this country.

31. The charophyte Nitella translucens (Pers.) Ag. found in Hanangervannet, Farsund. Nitella translucens has been found in Hanangervann in Farsund. The locality is inside a protected area and is probably the only recent locality with this species in Norway, and perhaps also the only locality in Scandinavia with a living population of the species.

32. Additional Chara-lakes in Troms. During field work in 1996 the author found ten new Chara-lakes in the county of Troms, North Norway. The lakes are briefly described. It is suggested that Troms may be the northenmost area for Chara-lakes with well-developed vegetation, due partly to the more restricted limestone outcorps further north. This is also suggested by a strong decline in the number of species recorded in N Troms and Finnmark. Further studies in the field are neccessary to confirm or falsify this hypothesis.

33. Additional information on the distribution and ecology of the charophyte Tolypella canadensis. The charophyte Tolypella canadensis has been found at several new localities in Norway and is new to Finland. The species is found nort of the Polar Circle in Fennoscandia and is restricted to the northwestern part of this area. New finds in Canada and Alaska show that Tolypella canadensis most probably has a circumpolar arctic-alpine distribution. It is also likely to occur in Russia. The herbarium of St. Petersburg should be investigated, as T. canadensis may be found among specimens labelled as Nitela flexilis. Tolypella canadensis prefers cold water, and is vulnerable to eutrophication and acidification. Such changes is less likely in the area where it is found, but artificial inorganic enrichment of a locality with Tolypella canadensis has shown that the species i heavily affected.

34. Chara baueri A. Br., a charophyte with a disjunct distribution. Chara baueri has been found in Kazakhstan (1944) and Sweden (1849). Little is known about the recent distribution of the species in Europe, as no specimens have been collected since 1871. The species is also found in Australia, the last time in 1936. The disjunct distribution of this species most probably indicates relict areas from a period when the species was continuously distributed from Europe to Australia. This view is supported by the find in Kazakhstan.

35. The charophyte Lamprothamnium papulosum in Sweden. Lamprothamnium papulosum was recently found on three localities on the Swedish west coast. There are old records from six localities, all on the west coast. One of the recent finds represents a refind. From three of the old localities L. papulosum has probably disappeared. Two localities remain to be revisited. Also from Norway and Denmark only few recent localities are known (two and four, respectively). we suggest that L. papulosum has decreased in all three countries due to eutrophication. The species is classified as endangered in Sweden.

36. The charophyte Tolypella canadensis in Scandinavia. The charophyte Tolypella canadensis has been found at eleven localities in northern Scandinavia, of which three are new in 1995. The species has previously often been misidentified as Nitella opaca; this is probably also the case in Sweden and Finland. We have tried to summarise the known ecology of the species. It is probably one of the very few charophytes specially adapted to polar environments. We suggest that this should be investigated in more detail. Tolypella canadensis has an amphi-Atlantic distribution, as it is also found in Greenland and in Canada. A possible link between these disjunct areas is discussed. We believe that the species has a wide distribution in the northern parts of Scandinavia, and that it should also be looked for in Finland and Russia.

37. Charophytes in the province of Jämtland, northern Sweden. During the summer of 1994, the occurrence of charophytes in the province of Jämtland (northern Sweden) was investigated. In the calcareous area around Östersund, a large number of Chara lakes were found as well as many up to now unknown localities of rare species of charophytes, e.g. 11 localities of Chara tomentosa L., 2 localities of C. rudis v. Leonh, and 15 localities of C. strigosa A.Br. occured mainly in humus-rich, calcium-rich lakes. This lake type, which we call "humic Chara lake", seems to be rare in Scandinavia and poorly investigated. Both Chara lakes and the humic Chara lakes in Jämtland are of great importance for nature conservation. They should be further investigated and protected.

38. Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) J. Groves, a threatened Charophyte in Scandinavia. The distribution of Lamprothamnium papulosum in Scandinavia is presented in this paper. There has been a marked decline in the occurence of the species, most probably due to eutrophication and urbanisation of the localities in question. The number of localities left is presumably small, and the authors group the species under the category endangered species. Necessary steps should be taken to protect the species by law, and its distribution in Scandinavia should be further investigated.

39. The charophyte Chara polyacantha found in Rogaland county. Chara polyacantha has been found in Rogaland in western Norway. This is the second find of this species in Norway. It is found in a small pond, rich in lime near the sea. In Scandinavia the species has a southern distribution and seems to prefer coastal areas. In Norway the species should be regarded as endangered.

40. The charophyte Chara baltica Bruz. refound in lake Gillsvannet by Kristiansand. Chara baltica has been rediscovered in lake Gillsvannet in Kriatiansand, where the species last time was collected by Otto Nordstedt in 1872. At present this is the only known locality of C. baltica in Norway.

41. The charophytes of Greenland. Based on herbarium studies, eight charophytes are reported from Greenland: Nitella flexilis, N. opaca, Tolypella canadensis, T. nidifica f. groenlandica nov. form., Chara canescens, C. contraria, C. globularis, C. globularis f. bulbillifera nov. form. and C. delicatula. In addition Chara baltica has been reported in the literature. The total number of known species is therefore nine. Of these 9 species five are commen in Europe and North America; one (C. canescens) has its main distribution in Europe with a few finds in Northeast America; another (T. canadensis) has a northern amphi-atlantic distribution; a third (C. baltica) has its main distribution in Europe and is found in a few localities in South America. One species (T. nidifica) has a European distribution only. The early immigration of charophytes to Greenland and the development of early bird migration routes in this direction lead us to believe that the charophyte flora of Greenland has moe affinity to Europe than to North America. Some ecological factors are discussed below for each of the species.

42. The taxonomical and morphological investigations on the Zygnemaceae of Norway. The Norwegian author collected fruiting material of Zygnemaceae in various parts of Norway in the years 1991 (34 samples) and 1992 (43 samples) and sent them to the Polish author for identification, including the existing literature dealing with earlier reported Zygnemaceae in Norway ( Wille 1896, 1901, 1924; Printz 1915 and Strøm 1926). The present report only announces some more interesting species identified in the samples taken in 1991 year. Other species will be described during the Symposium. E.g. Zygnema norvegica sp.nov. - Vegetative cells 15.0 - 19.8 um, conjugation scalariform, zygotes globose ar subglobose. In some cases the zygotes are separated from the gametangia by walls which remain at shedding of the spores, by this feature the species approaches the genus Zygogonium. The mesospor in lamellate, blue. Mougeotia olivacea Y.J.Liing- a second site of occurrence in the world. Previously only known from China. Spirogyra corrugata Transeau - a species new to theEuropean flora. Other species have a wide-spread distribution in various countries. Several tens of the species are new to the Norway flora. The micrographs which will be presented during the Symposium are first graphic documentation of the Norwegian species of Zygnemaceae. Comparison of the morphological features of the species of Norway with those from other countries (material of Polish author) may permit to make a supplementation of diagnoses.

43. Mougeotia Ag. and Spirogyra Link (Zygnemataceae)- new species for the European flora. In samples collected in Norway the following species new for Europe, Mougeotia olivacea Y.J.Ling, Mougeotia mysorensis Iyengar, Spirogyra reflexa Transeau and Spirogyra schmidtii W. et G.S. West, are identified. The diagnosis of M. olivacea has been supplemented with data on the dimensions of vegetative cells and zygotes and the number of pyrenoids. The diagnosis of M. mysurensis has been supplemented with data on the number and distribution of pyrenoids and, often curved, vegetative filaments. The sites of M. olivacea and M. mysorensiss occurrence are the second one in the world. Morphological features and dimensions of S. reflexa and S. schmidtii are congruent with those given from other non-European sites.

44. Zygogonium norvegicum sp. nov. (Zygnematales, Chlorophyta) from Norway. A new species of Zygogonium, Z. norvegicum Kadlubowska, is described from an alkaline lake near Kongsberg (southern Norway). This species possesses a blue mesosopore and differs from other by the lamellate structure of its zygote wall and dimensions of the vegetative cells and zygotes.

45. Tolypella canadensis Sawa (Charophyceae), a charophyte new to the flora of Finland. The charophyte Tolypella canadensis is reported as a new species to the flora of Finland. The two localities in Finland are situated along the Könkämäeno River, i.e. within the same water system as the Swedish records of the same species.

46. Chara baltica Bruz. found in Greenland. (No summary).

47. Chara tenuispina A. Braun (Charales) found in Greece. The charophyte Chara tenuispina is reported as a new species to the flora of Greece.

48. Chara strigosa A. Braun (Characeae) in Poland. Chara strigosa is reported from several lakes in Poland. The finds were published by Izabella Dambska in 1966, but have not been recognised internationally, presumably bacause Dambska's article was published in a local paper in Polish. We give a short description of Charetum strigosae first described by Dambska. One of the lakes with C. strigosa is reported with luxuriant growth of a blue-green bacteria common in water blooms. There is a need to survey these lakes in order to prevent an increasing eutrophication.

49. The occurence of charophytes in some lakes in Vågå, Oppland county. The investigated lakes are situated on a mountain plateau at approximately 800 m.a.s.l. in Vågå municipality in South Norway. The lakes are rich in electrolytes and oligotrophic to mesotrophic concerning vegetation. One lake is a Chara-lake, which is of special interest because of the high altitude of the locality (882 m a.s.l.), the highest in Norway. Five species of charophytes were found, Nitella opaca, N. flexilis, Chara contraria, C. strigosa and C. delicatula. Of special interest are the finds of Chara contraria and C. strigosa. These finds connect southern and northern finds of the species. Of interesting waterplants are the many species of Potamogeton and Myriophyllum sibiricum, worthly of note.

50. Ling, Y.J., S.L. Xie & A. Langangen 2000. The charophytes of China. Nova Hedwigia 71: 69-94. This article givea an overview of the literature on charophytes of the Peoples Republic of China. Also, a list of all charophytes found in the country so far, is presented. The list follows Han & Li (1994). In total 159 different species and 44 different varieties of charophytes are known from China. The number of species in each genus is (number of endemic species in brackets): Nitella 90 (40), Tolypella 6 (3), Nitellopsis 1, Lamprothamnium 1, Lychnothamnus 2 (1) and Chara 59 (26).

51. Langangen, A. 2000. Charophytes from the warm springs of Svalbard. Polar Research 19 (2): 1-11. Two of the sources in the Troll Springs in Svalbard have a lucuriant vegetation of charophytes. The two sources are described after information given by the District Governor of Svalbard. Chara canescens is described, based on living material collected in 1992 and 1993. The Svalbard specimens have been named Chara canescens f. spitsbergensis nov. comb, which is synonymous with Chara aspera f. spitsbergensis Nordstedt described by Nordstedt in Strøm (1921). An imperfect charophyte is here described as a new subspecies of Chara canescens- Chara canescens ssp. hoelii- named after the Norwegian scientist Adolf Hoel who fisrt collected specimens of this subspecies. It is believed that this subspecies must originate from Chara canescens, presumably by a genetic reorganisation or a mutation of the species. A new subspecies is justified because of the ecorticate internodes, the incomplete or lacking cortex of the branchlets, the occurrence of accessory branchlets and the special bulbils found in this taxon. These are interpreted as characteristics with positive selective value in the special environment which the spring must represent, where asexual reproduction by bulbils presumably has the same selective value as the parthenogenetic reproduction by oospores in Chara canescens f. spitsbergensis. In a growth experiment the best growth of Chara canescens f. spitsbergensis from the springs was obtained in water with relatively low salt content (0.3 to 2.5 g L^-1). This is among the lowest values reported for this species. The growing tourism in Svalbard can be a threat to the springs, and more active protection must be evaluated. There is also an urgent need to survey the springs in more details, as our knowledge of their ecology has been obtained incidentally.

52. Langangen, A. 2000. On the morphology and ecology of Chara strigosa Braun (Charophyceae) in Scandinavia, with notes on its total distribution. Polar Research 19: 143-153. A description of Chara strigosa based on specimens from Fennoscandia, Estonia, Poland, Russia, Germany and Bosnia is given. The species is distributed in Northern- and Central Europe, Western Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Morocco in North Africa. The species varies little, but a few morphological forms have been observed. Chara locuples is presumably a haplostephanous form of C. strigosa. The species prefers lime-rich lakes, Chara-lakes and humic Chara-lakes, where the competition from phanerogams is limited, and the species is often richly fertile. Chara strigosa is perennial, and is often found with bulbils of the Chara aspera type.

53. Langangen, A. 2000. Chara fibrosa Agardh ex Bruzelius, a charophyte new to the European flora. Allionia 37: 249-252. Specimens of Chara pelosiana Avetta, which is only known from Italy, have been found in Herb. Oslo. The type material, which was presumed to be in Italy has not been found there. The specimens in Oslo (chosen as lecotype) have been re-examined by the authos who conclude that the correct species is Chara fibrosa, which is a new species for the European flora. Chara fibrosa has a tropical/subtropical distribution, and is i.e. found in Libya and in Saudi Arabia. 

54. Langangen, A. 2001. Some charophytes from the Orlando area in Florida, USA. Se hele artikkelen.

55. Langangen, A., Gaarder, G. & Jordal. J. 2001. The charophyte Chara baltica Bruzelius found on the island of Smøla near Kristiansund, W. Norway. Blyttia 59: 101-103.  In Norway Chara baltica is a rare species, currently known only from Kriastansand in southernmost Norway. The authors report the species from a brackish water pond on the island of Smøla near Kristiansund in W. Norway. There is reason to believe that shorebirds and geese have been important for the dispersal of this species.

56. Langangen, A., Gaarder, G. & J. Jordal 2001. Plantgeographical important find of Chara canescens in Møre and Romsdal. Blyttia     59: 165. No summary.

57. Langangen, A. & S.M. Leghari 2001. Some charophytes (Charales) from Pakistan. Studia bot. hung. 32: 63-85. The present work gives a review of some charophytes collected in Pakistan in the period 1996-99. A total of 17 species are reported. This article presents a short description of each species found, observed variation and biology, some ecological information, and the known distribution of these species in Pakistan. Species new to Pakistan are: Chara connivens, C. gymnophylla, C. flaccida, Nitella dictyosperma, Nitella confervacea  and Nitellopsis obtusa.

58. Some charophytes (Chlorophyta, Charales) from Alaska, USA. Acta. Mus. Nat. Prague, Ser. B. Hist. Nat., 57: 51-56. Based on herbarium studies, seven charophytes are reported from Alaska: Nitella flexilis, N. opaca, Tolypella canadensis, Chara contraria, C. globularis, C. delicatula and C. aspera. In addition, Nitella acuminata and three North American species have been reported: Nitella opacoides, N. atkahensis and Chara macounii. The author questions the validity of these taxa, and is of the opinion that they are forms of Nitella flexlis and Chara aspera respectivily. Ecological information and distributions are given for each species; maps illustrate their distribution in Alaska.

59. Langangen, A. 2002. Tolypella canadensis Sawa (Charales), a charophyte new to the flora of Russia, with remarks on its ecology and distribution. J. Nat. Mus., Nat. Hist. Ser. 171: 85- 88. The charophyte Tolypella canadensis is reported from Russia. The species is found in three lakes in northwestern part of Arkhangelsk county. The finds give support to a possible circumpolar distribution of the species. The ecology of the Russian waters are very similar to localities known in Scandinavia. A few new localities are added from Sweden and Norway.

60. Langangen, A., M. Koistinen & I. Blindow 2002. The charophytes of Finland. Mem. Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 78.: 17-48. The present work gives a review of the known charophytes of Finland on basis of herbarium studies. In total we have registered 20 species. For each species a short description, morphological variation and biology, some ecological information and the known distribution of each species in Finland are given. A key to the species is presented. Chara vulgaris, which has previously been reported from Finland, was redeterminated to C. intermedia. Nitella mucronata has not been found in Finland, as the specimens previously determined as N. mucronata belong to N. wahlbergiana. A new form, Chara canescens f. globosus  Langangen, Koistinen & Blindow is described. Furthermore, a short history of the charophyte studies in Finland is given.

61. Article in polish.

62. Langangen, A. 2003. Alkaline lakes with charophytes in Norway. I. General introduction and description of lakes in Østfold, Oslo, Akershus, Hedmark and Oppland counties. Blyttia 61: 190-198. In a series of four articles, thie being the first part, a survey of 117 alkaline lakes, especially Chara-lakes, in Norway is presented. The information is collected in the period 1968-2003. An evaluation of the protective value of these localities is also given. 

63. Langangen, A. 2003. Some lime-rich lakes in Finnmark. Polarflokken 27: 43-52. Ten small lakes with calcium-content between 8-30 mg/L are described. Charophytes were found in three of these: in Tiurvannet Nitella flexilis vel opaca, in Kivijärvie Chara hispida (rudis) and in Kurujärvi C. contraria. Kivijärvi is a well developed Chara-lake and the first reported of this lake type in Finnmark. Kurujärvi is also a Chara-lake but less developed. The whole area where these lakes are situated should be protected.

64. Langangen, A. 2004. Charophytes from four Cyclade Islands (Mykonos, Naxos, Paros and Antiparos) in Greece. J. Biol. Res. 1: 31-38.  I have shortly described eleven localities from the Cyclade islands Mykonos, Naxos, Paros and Antiparos, one of which has freshwater, two have brackishwater and the rest are salt lakes. Of special interest are the salt lakes. These lakes are situated close to popular beaches and are therefore exposed to human activities. The lakes at Ag. Prokopios, Kamari, Mikra Vigli, Naxos airport and Fanari beach should be protected. The brackishwater lake near the airport at Naxos has special qualities and should also be protected. The charophytes Lamprothamnium papulosum, Chara canescens, C. galioides and C. aspera were found in this lake. Typical species in the salt lakes are Lamprothamnium papulosum and Ruppia maritima. The salt content in these lakes varied between 1.3% (2003) and 20 % (2002). In such environments L. papulosum can only survive by oospores and/or bulbils. In Kamari, I found specimens of L. papulosum with swollen lower branchlets. In the brackishwater poll at Ormos Amiti I found Chara vulgaris, while Chara globularis was found in freshwater on Mykonos. Totally six species of charophytes have so far been found in the islands.

65. Langangen, A. 2004. Alkaline lakes with charophytes in Norway II. Description of lakes in Buskerud, Vestfold and Telemark coynties (SE Norway), Agder (Southernmost Norway), Vestlandet (the Western counties) and Trøndelag (central Norway). Blyttia 62: 51-57.  This article is the second part in a series covering the Chara-lakes in Norway. 

66. Langangen, A. 2004.  Noen tanker rundt en masseforekomst av fiolstein. Blyttia 62: 169-171. (No English abstract)

67. Langangen, A. 2004. Kalksjøer med kransalgevegetasjon i Norge. III. Beskrivelser av sjøer i Nordland, Troms og Finnmark. Blyttia 62: 198-211. This article is the third part in a series covering Chara-lakes in Norway.

68. Langangen, A. & Grøstad, T. 2005. The charophyte Chara canescens is red listed in  Norway . Blyttia  63: 103-106. This article reports to new finds in the  county of  Vestfold . The localities are special; the first (figure 2) is a small water body close to the sea level and presumably much influenced by this. The second (figure 3) is an artificial dam in a golf yard where the water comes from a  90 m  deep drilled hole.

69. Langangen, A. 2005. Kransalgen Chara vulgaris L. i Telemark og dens utbredelse i Norge. Listera 2005 (2): 81-84. (No English summary- The charophyte Chara vulgaris L. in the county of Telemark, and its distribution in Norway).

70. Langangen, A. 2005.  Charophytes collected in Cos Clare (v.c. H9) and Galway (v.c. H15) in 2003. The Irish Naturalist 28: 151-158. Several lakes in the lime rich area near the Burren and the brackish water lagoon L. Murree were visites in 2003. In total 12 different species of charophytes were found. Short descriptions of the localities are given and comments made on both the biology and systematics of the species.

71. Langangen, A. 2004. Lime-rich lakes in  Northern Troms . Polarflokken 28:   Five lakes with calcium-content between 18-22 mg/L are shortly described. In four of the lakes I found charophytes: in Storvatnet Chara contraria, in Sennavatnet C. virgata var. annulata, in Dalsvatn Nitella opaca and in Fuglevatnet C. virgata. Chara globularis has earlier been found in Bergskogvatnet.

72. Langangen, A. 2005. Four new lime-rich lakes in Porsanger. Polarflokken 29: Four lakes situated on the dolomite area in Børselv (Porsanger) are shortly described. The calcium-content was between 36-40 mg/L. No charophytes were found in any of the four lakes. I also visited Kivijärvi, a Chara –lake with Chara hispida (rudis).

73. Langangen, A. 2006. Chara rohlenae Vilhelm (Charales) found in Greece. Allionia 40:31. The charophyte Chara rohlenae is, after a re-determination of charophytes in Herb. BG (Bergen), reported as a new species to the flora of Greece.

74-75. Parts of the Norwegian Red List.

76. Langangen, A. 2007. Some charophytes from the Western Cyclades (Greece). Journal of Biological Research 7: 109-113.  

In the summer of 2005 I visited the following islands of the Western Cyclades; Milos, Kimolos, Sifnos, Serifos, Kythnos and Kea (Tzia). Charophytes were found in Milos, Sifnos and Serifos. In Milos I found one salt lake with the species Lamprothamnium papulosum. On the beach of Kamares, Sifnos I found two localities with slightly brackish water and with the species Chara corfuensis and C. vulgaris, of which C. corfuensis is endemic to the area  The locality on Serifos is a freshwater dam with Chara globularis. The locality with C. corfuensis in Serifos should be protected as the species is threatened here. 

77. Langangen, A. 2007. Brakkvannslokaliteter med kransalger i Norge. Blyttia 63: 12-16.  The article deals with ten brackish water localities in Norway. They are lagoons, fjords and one artificial lake (loc.2). The species found are Nitella opaca, Tolypella nidifica, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Chara canescens, C. baltica, C. aspera, C. globularis and C. virgata.

Bestaubungsökologische studien an amerikanischen Pedicularis-arten. Eine Zusammanfassung der Bestäubungsökologischen Untersuchungen ist gegeben, die auf amerikanische Pedicularis-Arten ausgeführt sind. Es ist eine mehr umfassend Beschreibung der Bestäubung der Pedicularis lanceolata, P. groenlandica and P. canadensis gegeben, die alle von Hummeln bestäubt werden. Weitere aut-ökologische Studien werden ohne zweiflung die Bedeutung des Bestäubers für die Entwicklung der Blütenformen zeigen, und eine nähere Kenntnis der Bestäubungsmechanismen der verschiedenen Arten wird ausmachende Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Evolution der Pedicularis-Gattung haben.